Жан Батист Ламарк: Засвар хоорондын ялгаа

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'''Жан-Батист Пьер Антуан де Моне Шевалье де Ламарк''' ({{lang-fr|Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck}}; [[1744 он]]ы [[8 сарын 1]] — [[1829 он]]ы [[12 сарын 18]]) — [[Франц]]ын [[эрдэмтэн]], [[амьтан судлаач]]. "Биологи" гэдэг нэр томьёог шинжлэх ухаанд анх оруулсан эрдэмтэн.
==Biography==
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was born in [[Bazentin]], [[Picardy]], northern France,<ref name="p15" /> as the 11th child in an impoverished aristocratic family.{{refn|His noble title was ''chevalier'', which is [[French language|French]] for [[knight]].|group=Note}} Male members of the Lamarck family had traditionally served in the French army. Lamarck's eldest brother was killed in combat at the [[Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)|Siege of Bergen op Zoom]], and two other brothers were still in service when Lamarck was in his teenaged years. Yielding to the wishes of his father, Lamarck enrolled in a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] college in [[Amiens]] in the late 1750s.<ref name="p15" />
 
After his father died in 1760, Lamarck bought himself a horse, and rode across the country to join the French army, which was in Germany at the time. Lamarck showed great physical courage on the battlefield in the Pomeranian War with [[Prussia]], and he was even nominated for the lieutenancy.<ref name="p15" /> Lamarck's company was left exposed to the direct artillery fire of their enemies, and was quickly reduced to just 14 men – with no officers. One of the men suggested that the puny, 17-year-old volunteer should assume command and order a withdrawal from the field; although Lamarck accepted command, he insisted they remain where they had been posted until relieved.
 
When their colonel reached the remains of their company, this display of courage and loyalty impressed him so much that Lamarck was promoted to officer on the spot. However, when one of his comrades playfully lifted him by the head, he sustained an inflammation in the lymphatic glands of the neck, and he was sent to Paris to receive treatment.<ref name="p15" /> He was awarded a commission and settled at his post in [[Monaco]]. There, he encountered ''Traité des plantes usuelles'', a botany book by James Francis Chomel.<ref name="p15"/>
 
[[File:Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck.jpg|left|thumb|Lamarck by [[Charles Thévenin]] (''circa'' 1802)]]
 
With a reduced pension of only 400 francs a year, Lamarck resolved to pursue a profession. He attempted to study medicine, and supported himself by working in a bank office.<ref name="p15"/> Lamarck studied medicine for four years, but gave it up under his elder brother's persuasion. He was interested in [[botany]], especially after his visits to the [[Jardin des Plantes|Jardin du Roi]], and he became a student under [[Bernard de Jussieu]], a notable French naturalist.<ref name="p15" /> Under Jussieu, Lamarck spent 10 years studying French flora.
 
After his studies, in 1778, he published some of his observations and results in a three-volume work, entitled ''Flore françoise''. Lamarck's work was respected by many scholars, and it launched him into prominence in French science. On 8 August 1778, Lamarck married Marie Anne Rosalie Delaporte.<ref>[[#Mantoy|Mantoy (1968)]], p. 19.</ref> [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]], one of the top French scientists of the day, mentored Lamarck, and helped him gain membership to the [[French Academy of Sciences]] in 1779 and a commission as a royal botanist in 1781, in which he traveled to foreign botanical gardens and museums.<ref>[[#Packard|Packard (1901)]], pp. 20–21.</ref> Lamarck's first son, André, was born on 22 April 1781, and he made his colleague [[André Thouin]] the child's godfather.
 
In his two years of travel, Lamarck collected rare plants that were not available in the Royal Garden, and also other objects of natural history, such as minerals and ores, that were not found in French museums. On 7 January 1786, his second son, Antoine, was born, and Lamarck chose [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]], Bernard de Jussieu's nephew, as the boy's godfather.<ref name="CNRS">{{cite web |title=Chronologie de la vie de Jean-Baptiste Lamarck |publisher=[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique]] |last=Bange |first=Raphaël |author2=Pietro Corsi |url=http://www.lamarck.cnrs.fr/chronologie/ |accessdate=July 10, 2007 |language=French}}</ref> On 21 April the following year, Charles René, Lamarck's third son, was born. [[René Louiche Desfontaines]], a professor of botany at the Royal Garden, was the boy's godfather, and Lamarck's elder sister, Marie Charlotte Pelagie De Monet, was the godmother.<ref name="CNRS"/> In 1788, Buffon's successor at the position of Intendant of the Royal Garden, [[Charles-Claude Flahaut de la Billaderie, comte d'Angiviller]], created a position for Lamarck, with a yearly salary of 1,000 francs, as the keeper of the [[herbarium]] of the Royal Garden.<ref name="p15" />
 
In 1790, at the height of the [[French Revolution]], Lamarck changed the name of the Royal Garden from Jardin du Roi to [[Jardin des Plantes]], a name that did not imply such a close association with King [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]].<ref name="Damkaer 2002, p118">[[#Damkaer|Damkaer (2002)]], p. 118.</ref> Lamarck had worked as the keeper of the herbarium for five years before he was appointed curator and professor of [[invertebrate]] zoology at the [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]] in 1793.<ref name="p15" /> During his time at the herbarium, Lamarck's wife gave birth to three more children before dying on 27 September 1792. With the official title of "Professeur d'Histoire naturelle des Insectes et des Vers", Lamarck received a salary of nearly 2,500 francs per year.<ref>[[#Szyfman|Szyfman (1982)]], p. 13.</ref> The following year, on 9 October, he married Charlotte Reverdy, who was 30 years his junior.<ref name="CNRS"/> On 26 September 1794 Lamarck was appointed to serve as secretary of the assembly of professors for the museum for a period of one year. In 1797, Charlotte died, and he married Julie Mallet the following year; she died in 1819.<ref name="CNRS"/>
 
In his first six years as professor, Lamarck published only one paper, in 1798, on the influence of the moon on the Earth's atmosphere.<ref name="p15" /> Lamarck began as an essentialist who believed [[species]] were unchanging; however, after working on the [[mollusc]]s of the Paris Basin, he grew convinced that [[transmutation of species|transmutation]] or change in the nature of a species occurred over time.<ref name="p15" /> He set out to develop an explanation, and on 11 May 1800 (the 21st day of ''Floreal'', Year VIII, in the [[French Republican Calendar|revolutionary timescale]] used in France at the time), he presented a lecture at the [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]] in which he first outlined his newly developing ideas about evolution.
 
[[File:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.jpg|right|thumb|Lamarck, late in life]]
 
In 1801, he published ''Système des Animaux sans Vertebres'', a major work on the classification of invertebrates. In the work, he introduced definitions of natural groups among invertebrates. He categorized [[echinoderm]]s, [[arachnid]]s, [[crustacean]]s, and [[annelid]]s, which he separated from the old taxon for worms known as ''Vermes''.<ref name="Damkaer 2002, p118"/> Lamarck was the first to separate arachnids from [[insect]]s in classification, and he moved crustaceans into a separate class from insects.
 
In 1802 Lamarck published ''Hydrogéologie'', and became one of the first to use the term [[biology]] in its [[History of biology#Etymology of "biology"|modern sense]].<ref name="Coleman"/><ref>[[#Osborn|Osborn (1905)]], p. 159.</ref> In ''Hydrogéologie'', Lamarck advocated a steady-state geology based on a strict [[Uniformitarianism (science)|uniformitarianism]]. He argued that global currents tended to flow from east to west, and continents eroded on their eastern borders, with the material carried across to be deposited on the western borders. Thus, the Earth's continents marched steadily westward around the globe.
 
That year, he also published ''Recherches sur l'Organisation des Corps Vivants'', in which he drew out his theory on evolution. He believed that all life was organized in a vertical chain, with gradation between the lowest forms and the highest forms of life, thus demonstrating a path to progressive developments in nature.<ref name="p160">[[#Osborn|Osborn (1905)]], p. 160.</ref>
 
In his own work, Lamarck had favored the then-more traditional theory based on the classical [[Classical elements#Classical elements in Greece|four elements]]. During Lamarck's lifetime, he became controversial, attacking the more enlightened chemistry proposed by [[Lavoisier]]. He also came into conflict with the widely respected [[palaeontology|palaeontologist]] [[Georges Cuvier]], who was not a supporter of evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Curtis |first=Caitlin |last2=Millar |first2=Craig |last3=Lambert |first3=David |date=September 2018 |title=The Sacred Ibis debate: The first test of evolution|journal=PLOS Biology |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=e2005558 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2005558 |pmid=30260949}}</ref> According to [[Peter J. Bowler]], Cuvier "ridiculed Lamarck's theory of transformation and defended the fixity of species."<ref>[[#Bowler|Bowler (2003)]], p. 110.</ref> According to [[Martin J. S. Rudwick]]:
 
{{quote|Cuvier was clearly hostile to the materialistic overtones of current transformist theorizing, but it does not necessarily follow that he regarded species origin as supernatural; certainly he was careful to use neutral language to refer to the causes of the origins of new forms of life, and even of man.<ref>[[#Rudwick|Rudwick (1998)]], p. 83.</ref>}}
 
Lamarck gradually turned blind; he died in [[Paris]] on 18 December 1829. When he died, his family was so poor, they had to apply to the Academie for financial assistance. Lamarck was buried in a common grave of the [[Montparnasse cemetery]] for just five years, according to the grant obtained from relatives. Later, the body was dug up along with other remains and was lost. Lamarck's books and the contents of his home were sold at auction, and his body was buried in a temporary lime pit.<ref name="UCMP Berkeley 1998">{{cite web |last1=Waggoner |first1=Ben |last2=Speer |first2=B. R. |title=Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/lamarck.html |publisher=UCMP Berkeley |accessdate=16 December 2018 |date=2 September 1998}}</ref>
After his death, Cuvier used the form of a eulogy to denigrate Lamarck:
{{quote|[Cuvier's] éloge of Lamarck is one of the most deprecatory and chillingly partisan biographies I have ever read – though he was supposedly writing respectful comments in the old tradition of ''{{lang|la|[[de mortuis nil nisi bonum]]}}''.|Gould, 1993<ref>[[#Gould1993|Gould (1993) Foreword]]</ref>}}
 
==Жан Батист Ламарк==
{{Инфобокс эрдэмтэн