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}}
'''IBM''' ('''International Business Machines Corporation''') бол 170 оронд үйл ажиллагаагаа явуулдаг Нью-Йоркийн Армонкд байрладаг Америкийн олон улсын технологийн компани. Компани нь анх 1911 онд тооцоолон бүртгэх компани нэртэйгээр үүсгэн байгуулагдаж 1924 онд "International Business Machines" буюу "Олон улсын бизнесийн машинууд" гэж нэрээ өөрчилжээ.
==Research==
[[File:IBM Yorktown Heights.jpg|thumb|The [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]] in [[Yorktown Heights, New York]], is one of 12 IBM research labs worldwide.]]
[[File:Benoit Mandelbrot, TED 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|[[IBM Fellow]] [[Benoit Mandelbrot]] discovered [[fractal geometry]] in 1975.]]
Research has been a part of IBM since its founding, and its organized efforts trace their roots back to 1945, when the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory was founded at [[Columbia University]] in [[New York City]], converting a renovated fraternity house on Manhattan's West Side into IBM's first laboratory. Now, [[IBM Research]] constitutes the largest [[R&D|industrial research]] organization in the world, with 12 labs on 6 continents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/labs/|title=IBM Research: Global labs|publisher=|accessdate=May 28, 2015}}</ref> IBM Research is headquartered at the [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]] in New York, and facilities include the [[IBM Almaden Research Center|Almaden lab]] in California, [[IBM Austin Research Laboratory|Austin lab]] in Texas, [[IBM Research-Australia|Australia lab]] in [[Melbourne]], [[IBM Research – Brazil|Brazil lab]] in [[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[IBM China Research Laboratory|China lab]] in [[Beijing]] and [[Shanghai]], [[IBM Research – Ireland|Ireland lab]] in Dublin, [[IBM Haifa Research Laboratory|Haifa lab]] in [[Israel]], [[IBM India Research Laboratory|India lab]] in [[Delhi]] and [[Bangalore]], [[IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory|Tokyo lab]], [[IBM Zurich Research Laboratory|Zurich lab]] and [[IBM Research – Africa|Africa lab]] in [[Nairobi]].
In terms of investment, IBM's [[R&D]] spend totals several billion dollars each year. In 2012, that expenditure was approximately $6.9 billion USD.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM's expenditure on research and development from 2005 to 2015 (in billion U.S. dollars)|url=http://www.statista.com/statistics/274821/ibms-expenditure-on-research-and-development-since-2005/|publisher=Statista|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref> Recent allocations have included $1 billion to create a business unit for [[IBM Watson|Watson]] in 2014, and $3 billion to create a next-gen semiconductor along with $4 billion towards growing the company's "strategic imperatives" (cloud, analytics, mobile, security, social) in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bort|first1=Julie|title=Ginni Rometty just set a big goal for IBM: spending $4 billion to bring in $40 billion|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-ceo-sets-big-40-billion-goal-2015-2|publisher=Business Insider|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref>
IBM has been a leading proponent of the [[Open Source Initiative]], and began supporting [[Linux]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/news/1999/03/02.phtml |title=IBM launches biggest Linux lineup ever |date=1999-03-02 |publisher=IBM |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991110114228/http://www.ibm.com/news/1999/03/02.phtml |archivedate=1999-11-10}}</ref> The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM [[Linux Technology Center]], which includes over 300 [[Linux kernel]] developers.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM invests in Brazil Linux Tech Center|url=https://lwn.net/Articles/185602/|date=2006-05-24|publisher=[[LWN.net]]|author=Farrah Hamid}}</ref> IBM has also released code under different [[open source license]]s, such as the [[Cross-platform|platform-independent]] [[software framework]] [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] (worth approximately US$40 million at the time of the donation),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-erick.html |title=Interview: The Eclipse code donation |date=2001-11-01 |publisher=IBM |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218093727/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-erick.html |archivedate=December 18, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> the three-sentence [https://archive.is/20121220184517/http://source.icu-project.org/repos/icu/icu/trunk/license.html International Components for Unicode] ([[International Components for Unicode|ICU]]) license, and the [[Java (programming language)|Java]]-based [[relational database management system]] (RDBMS) [[Apache Derby]]. IBM's [[open source]] involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see ''[[SCO v. IBM]]'').
Famous inventions and developments by IBM include: <!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER-->the [[Automated teller machine|Automated teller machine (ATM)]], [[DRAM|Dynamic random access memory (DRAM)]], the [[Keypunch|electronic keypunch]], the [[swap (finance)|financial swap]], the [[floppy disk]], the [[hard disk drive]], the [[magnetic stripe card]], the [[relational model|relational database]], [[Reduced instruction set computing|RISC]], the [[Sabre (computer system)|SABRE airline reservation system]], [[SQL]], the [[Universal Product Code|Universal Product Code (UPC)]] bar code, and the [[virtual machine]].<!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER--> Additionally, in 1990 company scientists used a [[scanning tunneling microscope]] to arrange 35 [[IBM (atoms)|individual xenon atoms]] to spell out the company acronym, marking the first structure assembled one atom at a time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV1003.html|title=IBM Archives: "IBM" atoms|publisher=IBM}}</ref> A major part of IBM research is the generation of [[patents]]. Since its first patent for a traffic signaling device, IBM has been one of the world's most prolific patent sources. In 2017, the company holds the record for most [[patents]] generated by a business, marking 24 consecutive years for the achievement.<ref name="patents"/>
Five IBMers have received the [[Nobel Prize]]: [[Leo Esaki]], of the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., in 1973, for work in semiconductors; [[Gerd Binnig]] and [[Heinrich Rohrer]], of the Zurich Research Center, in 1986, for the [[scanning tunneling microscope]];<ref name="nobelPR">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/press.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 - Press Release|publisher=Nobel Media AB|date=1986-10-15|accessdate=2014-01-01}}</ref> and [[Georg Bednorz]] and [[K. Alex Müller|Alex Müller]], also of Zurich, in 1987, for research in [[superconductivity]]. Several IBMers have also won the [[Turing Award]], including the first female recipient [[Frances E. Allen]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Jr | first1 = S. | last2 = Guy | first2 = L. | doi = 10.1145/1866739.1866752 | title = An interview with Frances E. Allen | journal = [[Communications of the ACM]] | volume = 54 | pages = 39 | year = 2011 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>
Current research includes a collaboration with the [[University of Michigan]] to see computers act as an academic adviser for undergraduate computer science and engineering students at the university,<ref>Clare Hopping, IT Pro. “[http://www.itpro.co.uk/strategy/25876/ibm-and-university-of-michigan-develop-human-computer IBM and University of Michigan develop human computer].” Jan 18, 2016. Jan 18, 2016.</ref> and a partnership with [[AT&T]], combining their cloud and Internet of Things (IoT) platforms to make them interoperable and to provide developers with easier tools.<ref>Larry Dignan, ZDNet. “[http://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-at-t-to-meld-internet-of-things-platforms/ IBM, AT&T to meld Internet of Things platforms].” July 13, 2016. July 13, 2016.</ref>
==Brand and reputation==
[[File:IBM ads at JFK.jpg|thumb|IBM ads at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]], 2013]]
IBM is nicknamed ''Big Blue'' in part due to its blue logo and color scheme,<ref name="Big Blue">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Da1bPYRyltMC&pg=PA228&lpg=PA228&dq=big+blue+ibm|title=Postphenomenology: A Critical Companion to Ihde |page=228|isbn=0-7914-6787-2|year=2006|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|author=edited by Evan Selinger.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5zAW7RntiD8C&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=big+blue+ibm|title=Logos, Letterheads & Business Cards: Design for Profit |page=15|isbn=2-88046-750-0|year=2004|publisher=Rotovision|author=Conway Lloyd Morgan and Chris Foges.}}</ref> and also partially since IBM once had a de facto [[dress code]] of white shirts with blue suits.<ref name="Big Blue"/><ref>{{cite book|page=55|title=The Essential Guide to Computing: The Story of Information Technology|url=https://books.google.com/?id=AwrQsOW5SsQC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=big+blue+ibm|publisher=Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR|isbn=0-13-019469-7|author=E. Garrison Walters.|year=2001}}</ref> The company logo has undergone several changes over the years, with its current "8-bar" [[logo]] designed in 1972 by [[graphic designer]] [[Paul Rand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/logo/logo_8.html|title=IBM Archives|publisher=IBM}}</ref> It was a general replacement for a 13-bar logo, since period photocopiers did not render large areas well.
IBM has a valuable brand as a result of over 100 years of operations and marketing campaigns. Since 1996, IBM has been the exclusive technology partner for the [[Masters Tournament]], one of the four [[Men's major golf championships|major championships]] in [[Professional golf tours|professional golf]], with IBM creating the first Masters.org (1996), the first course cam (1998), the first iPhone app with live streaming (2009), and first-ever live 4K Ultra High Definition feed in the United States for a major sporting event (2016).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Clayton|first1=Ward|title=IBM and Masters Celebrate 20 Years|url=http://www.masters.com/en_US/news/articles/2016-04-02/ibm_and_masterscom_celebrate_20_years.html|publisher=Masters|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref> As a result, IBM CEO [[Ginni Rometty]] became the third female member of the Master's governing body, the [[Augusta National Golf Club]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weinman|first1=Sam|title=IBM CEO Ginni Rometty is Augusta National's third female member|url=http://www.golfdigest.com/story/ibm-ceo-ginni-rometty-is-augus|publisher=Golf Digest|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref> IBM is also a major sponsor in professional [[tennis]], with engagements at the [[US Open (tennis)|U.S. Open]], [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], the [[Australian Open]], and the [[French Open]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Snyder|first1=Benjamin|title=Why IBM dominates the U.S. Open|url=http://fortune.com/2015/09/01/ibm-us-open-tennis-tech/|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref> The company also sponsored the [[Olympic Games]] from 1960-2000,<ref>{{cite web|last1=DiCarlo|first1=Lisa|title=IBM, Olympics Part Ways After 40 Years|url=https://www.forbes.com/2000/08/23/feat.html|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref> and the [[National Football League]] from 2003-2012.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jinks|first1=Beth|title=IBM Ends Its NFL Sponsorship Over Difference in Views|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-06-05/ibm-ends-its-nfl-sponsorship-over-difference-in-views|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref>
In 2012, IBM's brand was valued at $75.5 billion and ranked by ''[[Interbrand]]'' as the №2 best brand worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/2012/Best-Global-Brands-2012.aspx |title=Best Global Brands Ranking for 2012 |author= |work= |publisher=[[Interbrand]] |accessdate=6 June 2013}}</ref> That same year, it was also ranked the №1 company for leaders (''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''), the №2 [[green company]] in the U.S. (''[[Newsweek]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/galleries/2012/10/22/newsweek-green-rankings-2012-america-s-greenest-companies-photos.html#cc13b58b-97cb-46e9-b0c1-0893ee61f04d|title=IBM #1 in Green Rankingss for 2012|publisher=thedailybeast.com}}</ref> the №2 most respected company (''[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.barrons.com/article/SB50001424053111903882904577478993057727490.html?mod=bol_share_tweet|title=The World's Most Respected Companies|last=Santoli|first=Michael|date=23 June 2012|publisher=Barron's|accessdate=23 June 2012}}</ref> the №5 most admired company (''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''), the №18 most innovative company (''[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]''), and the №1 in [[Information technology consulting|technology consulting]] and №2 in [[outsourcing]] ([[Vault.com|Vault]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vault.com/wps/portal/usa/rankings/individual?rankingId1=255&rankingId2=255&rankings=1&rankingYear=|title=Tech Consulting Firm Rankings 2012: Best Firms in Each Practice Area|publisher=Vault|accessdate=29 December 2011}}</ref> In 2015, Forbes ranked IBM the №5 most valuable brand.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The World's Most Valuable Brands|url = https://www.forbes.com/powerful-brands/|accessdate = 2015-09-02}}</ref>
==People and culture==
===Employees===
{{See also|List of IBM CEOs}}
[[File:Ibmaustin designcamp.jpg|thumb|New IBMers being welcomed to bootcamp at IBM Austin, 2015]]
[[File:Watson Jeopardy demo.jpg|thumb|Employees demonstrating [[IBM Watson]] capabilities in a [[Jeopardy!]] exhibition match on campus, 2011]]
IBM has one of the largest workforces in the world, and employees at Big Blue are referred to as "IBMers". The company was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935), training for women (1935), paid vacations (1937), and training for disabled people (1942). IBM hired its first black salesperson in 1946, and in 1952, CEO [[Thomas J. Watson, Jr.]] published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in [[Brown vs. Board of Education]] and 11 years before the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. The [[Human Rights Campaign]] has rated IBM 100% on its index of gay-friendliness every year since 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://w3.hrc.org/Template.cfm?Section=Search_the_Database&Template=/CustomSource/WorkNet/srch_dtl.cfm&srchtype=QS&searchid=34&orgid=1238|title=International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) profile|publisher=HRC Corporate Equality Index Score}}</ref> with IBM providing same-sex partners of its employees with [[Health insurance|health benefits]] and an anti-discrimination clause. Additionally, in 2005, IBM became the first major company in the world to commit formally to not use [[genetic testing|genetic information]] in employment decisions; and in 2015, IBM was named to ''[[Working Mother]]''{{'}}s 100 Best Companies List for the 30th consecutive year.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM Named To Working Mother's 100 Best Companies List For 30th Consecutive Year|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/47704.wss|publisher=IBM Newsroom|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref>
IBM has several leadership development and recognition programs to recognize employee potential and achievements. For early-career high potential employees, IBM sponsors leadership development programs by discipline (e.g., [[management|general management]] (GMLDP), [[human resources management|human resources]] (HRLDP), [[finance]] (FLDP)). Each year, the company also selects 500 IBMers for the IBM Corporate Service Corps (CSC),<ref>{{cite web|title=The IBM Corporate Service Corps|url=http://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/corporateservicecorps/|publisher=IBM CSC|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref> which has been described as the corporate equivalent of the [[Peace Corps]] and gives top employees a month to do [[humanitarian aid|humanitarian work]] abroad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why IBM Gives Top Employees a Month to Do Service Abroad|url=https://hbr.org/2014/11/why-ibm-gives-top-employees-a-month-to-do-service-abroad|publisher=Harvard Business Review|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref> For certain [[interns]], IBM also has a program called [[Extreme Blue]] that partners top business and technical students to develop high-value technology and compete to present their business case to the company's CEO at internship's end.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-01.ibm.com/employment/us/extremeblue/ |title=Extreme Blue web page |publisher=01.ibm.com |date=2007-09-07 |accessdate=2010-05-23}}</ref>
The company also has various designations for exceptional individual contributors such as Senior Technical Staff Member (STSM), Research Staff Member (RSM), Distinguished Engineer (DE), and Distinguished Designer (DD).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Derryl|title=IBM Launches Distinguished Designer Program|url=http://www.eweek.com/developer/ibm-launches-distinguished-designer-program.html|publisher=eWeek|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref> Prolific inventors can also achieve patent plateaus and earn the designation of [[IBM Master Inventor|Master Inventor]]. The company's most prestigious designation is that of [[IBM Fellow]]. Since 1963, the company names a handful of Fellows each year based on technical achievement. Other programs recognize years of service such as the Quarter Century Club established in 1924, and sellers are eligible to join the Hundred Percent Club, composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas, convened in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Each year, the company also selects 1,000 IBMers annually to award the Best of IBM Award, which includes an all-expenses paid trip to the awards ceremony in an exotic location.
IBM's culture has evolved significantly over its century of operations. In its early days, a dark (or gray) suit, white shirt, and a "sincere" tie constituted the public uniform for IBM employees.<ref name="Strategic Marketing">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Paul Russell |title=Strategic Marketing Communications: New Ways to Build and Integrate Communications |publisher=Kogan Page |year=1999 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=HYvbeQLf_gEC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=%22sincere+tie%22+ibm |isbn=0-7494-2918-6 }}</ref> During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s, CEO [[Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.]] relaxed these codes, normalizing the dress and behavior of IBM employees.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM Attire|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/waywewore/waywewore_1.html|work=IBM Archives|publisher=IBM Corp.|accessdate=31 May 2012}}</ref> The company's culture has also given to different plays on the company acronym (IBM), with some saying is stands for "I've Been Moved" due to relocations and layoffs,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldman|first1=David|title=IBM stands for 'I've Been Moved'|url=http://money.cnn.com/2009/03/31/technology/ibm/|publisher=CNN Money|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref> others saying it stands for "I'm By Myself" pursuant to a prevalent work-from-anywhere norm,<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM stands for "I'm by myself' for teleworkers of the blue giant|url=http://www.africanamerica.org/topic/ibm-stands-for-im-by-myself-for-teleworkers-of-the-blue-giant|publisher=African America|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref> and others saying it stands for "I'm Being Mentored" due to the company's open door policy and encouragement for mentoring at all levels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Intelligent Mentoring|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyVxNfJ94pMC&pg=PT44&lpg=PT44&dq=IBM+%22I%27m+by+myself%22&source=bl&ots=BgtwRKapDQ&sig=n-V_oIM75kemRxFudKuxEIHaSZ0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim9sbe1rzOAhUI7mMKHQoJCMgQ6AEITzAI#v=onepage&q=IBM%20%22I%27m%20by%20myself%22&f=false|publisher=IBM Press|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref> In terms of labor relations, the company has traditionally resisted labor union organizing,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Logan |first=John |title=The Union Avoidance Industry in the United States |journal=British Journal of Industrial Relations |date = December 2006|pages=651–675 |url=http://www.newunionism.net/library/organizing/Logan%20-%20The%20Union%20Avoidance%20Industry%20in%20the%20United%20States%20-%202006.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> although unions represent some IBM workers outside the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.endicottalliance.org/iwiswebsite/iwis-ibmgua-links.htm|title=IBM Global Unions Links|publisher=EndicottAlliance.org}}</ref> In Japan, IBM employees also have an [[American football]] team complete with pro stadium, cheerleaders and televised games, competing in the Japanese [[X-League]] as the "[[IBM Big Blue (X-League)|Big Blue]]".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bort|first1=Julie|title=In Japan, IBM employees have formed a football team complete with pro stadium, cheerleaders and televised games|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-employees-form-football-team-2015-5|publisher=Business Insider|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref>
In 2015, IBM started giving employees the option of choosing either a [[personal computer|PC]] or a [[Macintosh|Mac]] as their primary work device, resulting in IBM becoming the world's largest Mac shop.<ref>{{cite web|title=Switch to Macs from PCs reportedly saves IBM $270 per user|url=http://www.cio.com/article/3001871/macbook/switch-to-macs-from-pcs-reportedly-saves-ibm-270-per-user.html|publisher=CIO|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref> In 2016, IBM eliminated forced rankings and changed its annual performance review system to focus more on frequent feedback, coaching, and skills development.<ref>Shana Lebowitz, Business Insider. “[http://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-now-uses-the-ace-app-to-give-and-receive-real-time-feedback-2016-5 After overhauling its performance review system, IBM now uses an app to give and receive real-time feedback].” May 20, 2016. May 20, 2016.</ref>
====IBM alumni====
<!-- ONLY SUPER NOTABLE PEOPLE IN THIS LIST, ALL OTHERS CAN BE TAGGED WITH CATEGORY-->Many IBMers have also achieved notability outside of work and after leaving IBM. In business, former IBM employees include [[Apple Inc.]] CEO [[Tim Cook]],<ref name="people.forbes.com">{{cite news|url=https://people.forbes.com/profile/timothy-d-cook/6607|work=Forbes|title=Timothy D. Cook Profile}}</ref> former [[Electronic Data Systems|EDS]] CEO and politician [[Ross Perot]], [[Microsoft]] chairman [[John W. Thompson]], [[SAP SE|SAP]] co-founder [[Hasso Plattner]], [[Advanced Micro Devices|Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)]] CEO [[Lisa Su]],<ref name=AMDExecBio>{{cite web |url=https://www.amd.com/en-us/who-we-are/corporate-information/leadership/lisa-su |title=Executive Biographies - Lisa Su |publisher=Amd.com |date= |accessdate=2014-10-10}}</ref> [[Citizens Financial Group]] CEO [[Ellen Alemany]], former [[Yahoo!]] chairman [[Alfred Amoroso]], former [[AT&T]] CEO [[C. Michael Armstrong]], former [[Xerox Corporation]] CEOs [[David T. Kearns]] and [[G. Richard Thoman]],<ref name="crossing">{{cite news | last=Kearns | first=David T | title=Crossing the Bridge: Family, Business, Education, Cancer, and the Lessons Learned | date=31 May 2005 | publisher=Meliora Press}}</ref> former [[Fair Isaac Corporation]] CEO [[Mark N. Greene]],<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/2008/02/08/markets/morningbuzz/index.htm CNN/Money]</ref> [[Citrix Systems]] co-founder [[Ed Iacobucci]], [[ASOS.com]] chairman [[Brian McBride (director)|Brian McBride]], and former [[Lenovo]] CEO [[Steve Ward (businessman)|Steve Ward]].
In government, alumna [[Patricia Roberts Harris]] served as [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]], the first [[List of African American United States Cabinet Secretaries|African American]] [[List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries|woman]] to serve in the [[United States Cabinet]].<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Women in World History|Women in World History, Vol. 7: Harr-I]]|year=2000|publisher=Yorkin Publications|location=Waterford, CT|isbn=0-7876-4066-2|pages=14–17|last=DeLaat|first=Jacqueline|chapter=Harris, Patricia Roberts}}</ref> [[Samuel K. Skinner]] served as [[U.S. Secretary of Transportation]] and as the [[White House Chief of Staff]]. Alumni also include [[U.S. Senator]]s [[Mack Mattingly]] and [[Thom Tillis]]; [[Wisconsin]] governor [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]];<ref>{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=Zeke J.|title=Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker: A 2016 Contender But Not A College Graduate|url=http://swampland.time.com/2013/11/19/wisconsin-gov-scott-walker-a-2016-contender-but-not-a-college-graduate|accessdate=May 1, 2015|publisher=TIME|date=November 19, 2013}}</ref> former [[U.S. Ambassador]]s [[Vincent Obsitnik]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to Slovakia|Slovakia]]), [[Arthur K. Watson]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to France|France]]), and [[Thomas Watson Jr.]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to Russia|Soviet Union]]); and former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]]s [[Todd Akin]],<ref name="bluebook 1993.1">[http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fstatepub&CISOPTR=99477&REC=17&CISOBOX=akin Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1993–1994], p. 157</ref> [[Glenn Andrews]], [[Robert Garcia (New York politician)|Robert Garcia]], [[Katherine Harris]],<ref>[http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1617/katherine-harris "Katherine Harris' Biography"]. ''[[Project Vote Smart]]''. Retrieved April 30, 2006.<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20120124035354/http://www.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1617/katherine-harris --></ref> [[Amo Houghton]], [[Jim Ross Lightfoot]], [[Thomas J. Manton]], [[Donald W. Riegle Jr.]], and [[Ed Zschau]].
Others are [[NASA]] astronaut [[Michael J. Massimino]], [[Canadian Astronaut Corps|Canadian astronaut]] [[Julie Payette]], [[Harvey Mudd College]] president [[Maria Klawe]], [[Western Governors University]] president emeritus [[Robert Mendenhall]], former [[University of Kentucky]] president [[Lee T. Todd Jr.]], [[NFL]] referee [[Bill Carollo]],<ref name=NASO>{{cite web |title=Board of Directors — Officers |url=http://www.naso.org/board.htm |publisher=National Association of Sports Officials |accessdate=2007-09-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915040843/http://www.naso.org/board.htm |archivedate=September 15, 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> former [[Rangers F.C.]] chairman [[John McClelland (businessman)|John McClelland]], and recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] [[J. M. Coetzee]]. [[Thomas Watson Jr.]] also served as the [[List of national presidents of the Boy Scouts of America|11th national president]] of the [[Boy Scouts of America]].<!-- ONLY SUPER NOTABLE PEOPLE IN THIS LIST, ALL OTHERS CAN BE TAGGED WITH CATEGORY-->
===Board and shareholders===
[[File:Warren Buffett KU Visit.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Warren Buffett]]'s [[Berkshire Hathaway]] is one of IBM's largest shareholders.]]
The company's 14 member [[Board of Directors]] are responsible for overall corporate management and includes the CEOs of [[American Express]], [[Ford Motor Company]], [[Boeing]], [[Dow Chemical]], [[Johnson and Johnson]], and [[Cemex]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibm.com/investor/governance/board-of-directors.wss |title=Board of Directors |author= |work= |publisher=IBM |accessdate=17 December 2010}}</ref>
In 2011, IBM became the first technology company [[Warren Buffett]]'s [[holding company]] [[Berkshire Hathaway]] invested in.<ref>{{cite web|last1=McFarland|first1=Matt|title=Warren Buffett never liked tech stocks. So why does he own Apple?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/05/16/warren-buffett-never-liked-tech-stocks-so-why-does-he-own-apple/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=11 August 2016}}</ref> As of 2016, he owns 8.51 percent of IBM's shares.<ref>{{cite web|title=Buffett: We've 'never sold a share of IBM' and might buy more|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/02/buffett-weve-never-sold-a-share-of-ibm-and-might-buy-more.html|publisher=CNBC|accessdate=11 August 2016}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of companies of the United States#I|List of companies of the United States § I]]
* [[List of electronics brands]]
* [[List of international subsidiaries of IBM]]
* [[List of largest Internet companies]]
* [[List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue]]
* [[List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM ]]
* [[Tech companies in the New York City metropolitan region]]
* [[Top 100 US Federal Contractors]]
{{Portalbar|Information technology|Companies}}
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==Further reading==
<!--- if you delete a book from this section, please add that book to History of IBM#Further reading --->
{{for|additional books about IBM, biographies, memoirs, technology and more|History of IBM#Further reading}}
<!----- Books listed here are mostly less than 25 years old ----------------->* {{cite book | author= Henry Bakis | editor = F. E. Ian Hamilton | year = 1987 | title = Industrial change in advanced economies | publisher = Croom Helm | publication-place = London | chapter = Telecommunications and the Global Firm | pages = 130–160 | isbn = 9780709938286 }}
* {{cite book | author = Roy A Bauer | year = 1992 | title = The Silverlake Project: Transformation at IBM (AS/400) | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book | author = [[Edwin Black]] | year = 2008 | title = [[IBM and the Holocaust]]: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation | isbn = 0-914153-10-2 }}
* {{cite book | author = Paul Carroll | year = 1993 | title = Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM | publisher = Crown Publishers }}
* {{cite book | author = Doug Garr | year = 1999 | title = IBM Redux: Lou Gerstner & The Business Turnaround of the Decade | publisher = Harper Business }}
* {{cite book | author = [[Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.]] | year = 2002 | title = Who Says Elephants can't Dance? | publisher = HarperCollins | isbn = 0-00-715448-8 }}
*Greulich, Peter E. (2014) ''A View from Beneath the Dancing Elephant: Rediscovering IBM's Corporate Constitution'' MBI Concepts Corporation. {{ISBN|0-9833734-6-9}}.
* {{cite book | author = John Harwood | year = 2011 | title = The Interface: IBM and the Transformation of Corporate Design, 1945-1976 | isbn = 978-0-8166-7039-0 }}
* {{cite book | author = Robert Heller | year = 1994 | title = The Fate of IBM | publisher = Little Brown }}
* {{cite book | author = David Mercer | year = 1987 | title = IBM: How the World's Most Successful Corporation is Managed | publisher = Kogan Page }}
* {{cite book | author = David Mercer | year = 1988 | title = The Global IBM: Leadership in Multinational Management | publisher = Dodd, Mead |page=374}}
*Mills, D. Quinn; Friesen, G. Bruce (1996). ''Broken Promises: An Unconventional View of What Went Wrong at IBM''. Harvard Business School. {{ISBN|0-87584-654-8}}.
* {{cite book | author = Emerson W. Pugh | year = 1996 | title = Building IBM: Shaping an Industry | publisher = [[MIT Press]] }}
* {{cite book | author = Robert Slater | year = 1999 | title = Saving Big Blue: IBM's Lou Gerstner | publisher = McGraw Hill }}
* {{cite book | author = [[Ulrich Steinhilper]] | year = 2006 | title = Don't Talk – Do It! From Flying To Word Processing | isbn = 1-872836-75-5 }}
* {{cite book | author = Ernest von Simson | year=2009 |title = The Limits of Strategy: Lessons in Leadership from the Computer Industry |publisher= iUniverse |isbn= 978-1-4401-9258-6 }}
* {{cite book | author = [[Thomas Watson, Jr.]] | year = 1990 | title = Father, Son & Co: My Life at IBM and Beyond | isbn = 0-553-29023-1 }}
==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
* {{Official website|https://www.ibm.com/us-en/}}
** {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961022175210/http://www.ibm.com |date=October 22, 1996 |title=IBM website }}
{{finance links
| name = IBM Corp.
| symbol = IBM
| sec_cik = 786000
| yahoo = IBM
| google = IBM
}}
* {{cite news | author = Samme Chittum | title = In an I.B.M. Village, Pollution Fears Taint Relations With Neighbors | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E4DF1631F936A25750C0A9629C8B63&fta=y | publisher = New York Times | date=2004-03-15}}
* {{OpenCorp|IBM}}
{{IBM}}
{{Dow Jones Industrial Average companies}}
{{Major information technology companies}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Authority control}}
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