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'''IBM''' ('''International Business Machines Corporation''') бол 170 оронд үйл ажиллагаагаа явуулдаг Нью-Йоркийн Армонкд байрладаг Америкийн олон улсын технологийн компани. Компани нь анх 1911 онд тооцоолон бүртгэх компани нэртэйгээр үүсгэн байгуулагдаж 1924 онд "International Business Machines" буюу "Олон улсын бизнесийн машинууд" гэж нэрээ өөрчилжээ.
==History==
{{Main article|History of IBM}}
In the 1880s, technologies emerged that would ultimately form the core of International Business Machines (IBM). Julius E. Pitrat patented the computing scale in 1885;<ref>{{cite book |title=Images of America: IBM in Endicott |last1=Aswad |first1=Ed |last2=Meredith |first2=Suzanne |year=2005 |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]] |location= |isbn=0-7385-3700-4 |page= |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=YzlDdhWK3IsC&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=julius+e.+pitrap+computing+scale#v=onepage&q=julius%20e.%20pitrap%20computing%20scale&f=false |accessdate=}}</ref> Alexander Dey invented the dial recorder (1888);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10204421 |title=Dey dial recorder, early 20th century |author= |work= |publisher=UK Science Museum |accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref> [[Herman Hollerith]] patented the [[Electric Tabulating Machine]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html |title=Hollerith 1890 Census Tabulator |author= |work= |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref> and [[Willard Bundy]] invented a time clock to record a worker's arrival and departure time on a paper tape in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.floridatimeclock.com/employee-punch-clocks.htm |title=Employee Punch Clocks |author= |work= |publisher=Florida Time Clock |accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref> On June 16, 1911, their four companies were [[Consolidation (business)|amalgamated]]<!---- there was no consolidation, the 4 companies remained separate entities. If you consolidate you get 1, not 5. ---> in New York State by [[Charles Ranlett Flint]] forming a fifth company, the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR) based in [[Endicott, New York]].<ref name=certificate1911 /><ref name=nytimes>[https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F00F15FD355A17738DDDA90994DE405B818DF1D3 NY Times June 10, 1911 ''Tabulating Concerns Unite: Flint & Co. Bring Four Together with $19,000,000 capital]</ref> The five companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and [[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]], New York; [[Dayton, Ohio]]; [[Detroit, Michigan]]; [[Washington, D.C.]]; and [[Toronto]]. They manufactured machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards. [[Thomas J. Watson, Sr.]], fired from the [[National Cash Register Company]] by [[John Henry Patterson (NCR owner)|John Henry Patterson]], called on Flint and, in 1914, was offered CTR.<ref>{{cite book |last= Belden, Thomas Graham |author2= Belden, Marva Robins |year= 1962 |title= The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson |publisher=Little, Brown and Co. |pages= 89–93}}</ref> Watson joined CTR as ''General Manager'' then, 11 months later, was made ''President'' when court cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved.<ref>[[NCR Corporation#Expansion]]</ref> Having learned Patterson's [[John Henry Patterson (NCR owner)#Pioneering business practices|pioneering business practices]], Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTR's companies.<ref>Belden (1962) p.105</ref> He implemented sales conventions, "generous sales incentives, a focus on customer service, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and had an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker".<ref name="Story">{{cite web |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1910.html|title=Chronological History of IBM, 1910s |publisher=IBM |accessdate= 30 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Marcosson, Isaac F. |title = Wherever Men Trade: The Romance of the Cash Register |year= 1945 |publisher= Dodd, Mead}}</ref> His favorite slogan, "[[Think (IBM)|THINK]]", became a mantra for each company's employees.<ref name="Story"/> During Watson's first four years, revenues reached $9 million and the company's operations expanded to Europe, South America, Asia and Australia.<ref name="Story"/> "Watson had never liked the clumsy hyphenated title of the CTR" and in 1924 chose to replace it with the more expansive title "International Business Machines".<ref name="True story 1962 p.125">Belden (1962) p.125</ref> By 1933 most of the subsidiaries had been merged into one company, IBM.<ref>(Rodgers, THINK, p.83)</ref>
[[File:IBM Electronic Data Processing Machine - GPN-2000-001881.jpg|thumb|left|[[NACA]] researchers using an [[IBM 704|IBM type 704]] electronic data processing machine in 1957]]
In 1937, IBM's tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the [[U.S. Government]], during its first effort to maintain the employment records for 26 million people pursuant to the [[Social Security Act]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/ibm.html | title=Early Automation Challenges for SSA | first=Larry | last=DeWitt |date = April 2000| accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> and Hitler's [[Third Reich]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/1388.wss|date=February 14, 2001|title=IBM Statement on Nazi-era Book and Lawsuit|publisher=IBM Press room}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mic.com/articles/142991/edwin-black-ibm-nazi-holocaust-history#.dbqMwyUCp|title=This Is the Hidden Nazi History of IBM — And the Man Who Tried to Expose It|publisher=Tech.Mic}}</ref> largely through the German subsidiary [[Dehomag]]. During the [[Second World War]] the company produced small arms for the American war effort ([[M1 Carbine]], and [[Browning Automatic Rifle]]).
In 1949, Thomas Watson, Sr., created IBM World Trade Corporation, a subsidiary of IBM focused on foreign operations.<ref name="WTC1949">{{cite web |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/ibmworldtrade/ |title=The Creation of the World Trade Corporation |author= |work= |publisher=IBM Corp. |website= ibm.com|accessdate=8 June 2016}}</ref> In 1952, he stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm, and his son [[Thomas Watson, Jr.]] was named president. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of [[artificial intelligence]] when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed an [[IBM 704]] not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the [[FORTRAN]] scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, IBM developed the [[Sabre (computer system)|SABRE reservation system]] for [[American Airlines]] and introduced the highly successful [[IBM Selectric typewriter|Selectric]] typewriter. In 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA track the orbital flight of the Mercury astronauts. A year later, it moved its corporate headquarters from New York City to [[Armonk, New York]]. The latter half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, participating in the 1965 Gemini flights, 1966 Saturn flights and 1969 lunar mission.
[[File:IBM360-67AtUmichWithMikeAlexander.jpg|thumb|right|An [[IBM System/360]] in use at the [[University of Michigan]] c. 1969.]]
On April 7, 1964, IBM announced the first computer system family, the [[IBM System/360]]. It spanned the complete range of commercial and scientific applications from large to small, allowing companies for the first time to upgrade to models with greater computing capability without having to rewrite their applications. It was followed by the [[IBM System/370]] in 1970. Together the 360 and 370 made the [[IBM mainframe]] the dominant [[mainframe computer]] and the dominant computing platform in the industry throughout this period and into the early 1980s. They, and the operating systems that ran on them such as [[OS/VS1]] and [[MVS]], and the middleware built on top of those such as the [[CICS]] transaction processing monitor, had a near-monopoly-level hold on the computer industry and became almost synonymous with IBM products due to their marketshare.<ref>{{cite book | title=From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry | first=Martin | last=Campbell-Kelly | authorlink=Martin Campbell-Kelly | publisher=[[MIT Press]] | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | year=2003 | pages=140–143, 175–176, 237}}</ref>
In 1974, IBM engineer [[George J. Laurer]] developed the [[Universal Product Code]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cummingsdesign.com/bar_code_history.htm |title=The history of the UPC bar code and how the bar code symbol and system became a world standard. |author= |work= |publisher=Cummingsdesign |accessdate=17 May 2011}}</ref> IBM and the [[World Bank]] first introduced [[Swap (finance)|financial swaps]] to the public in 1981 when they entered into a swap agreement.<ref>{{cite book |title= Fundamentals of Corporate Finance |edition=9th, alternate |last1=Ross |last2 =Westerfield|last3= Jordan|year= 2010 |publisher=[[McGraw Hill]] |location= |isbn= |page=746 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> The [[IBM PC]], originally designated IBM 5150, was introduced in 1981, and it soon became an industry standard. In 1991, IBM sold printer manufacturer [[Lexmark]].
In 1993, IBM posted a US$8 billion loss - at the time the biggest in American corporate history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbe03420usen/GBE03420USEN.PDF |format=PDF|title= Life science: Fade or flourish ?|first1= Guy|last1= Lefever|first2= Michele|last2= Pesanello|first3= Heather|last3= Fraser|first4=Lee|last4= Taurman|year=2011|publisher= IBM Institute for Business Value|accessdate=6 July 2013|location=p. 2}}</ref> [[Lou Gerstner]] was hired as CEO from [[RJR Nabisco]] to turn the company around.<ref>{{cite web|title=Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Biography|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/biography/10153.wss}}</ref> In 2002, IBM acquired [[PwC]] consulting, and in 2003 it initiated a project to redefine company values, hosting a three-day online discussion of key [[business]] issues with 50,000 employees. The result was three values: "Dedication to every client's success", "Innovation that matters—for our company and for the world", and "Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/ibm/sjp/04-27-2004.html%7ctitle=Speeches%7cpublisher=IBM%7cdate=2004-04-27|title=IBM About IBM - United States|publisher=|accessdate=May 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Leading Change When Business Is Good: The HBR Interview--Samuel J. Palmisano |journal=Harvard Business Review |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |date=December 2004}}</ref>
[[File:IBMinventions.png|thumb|left|IBM inventions: (clockwise from top-left) the [[hard-disk drive]], [[DRAM]], the [[UPC bar code]], and the [[magnetic stripe card]]]]
In 2005, the company sold its personal computer business to Chinese technology company [[Lenovo]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/19066.wss|title= IBM to Acquire Micromuse Inc.|publisher= IBM}}</ref> and, in 2009, it acquired software company [[SPSS Inc.]] Later in 2009, IBM's [[Blue Gene]] supercomputing program was awarded the [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] by [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]]. In 2011, IBM gained worldwide attention for its [[artificial intelligence]] program [[Watson (artificial intelligence software)|Watson]], which was exhibited on ''[[Jeopardy!]]'' where it won against game-show champions [[Ken Jennings]] and [[Brad Rutter]]. The company also celebrated it's 100th anniversary on the same year on June 16th. In 2012, IBM announced it has agreed to buy [[Kenexa]], and a year later it also acquired [[SoftLayer Technologies]], a [[web hosting service]], in a deal worth around $2 billion.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/05/us-softlayer-ibm-idUSBRE9530NT20130605| title=IBM to buy website hosting service SoftLayer| author=Jennifer Saba | publisher=Reuters | date= 5 June 2013}}</ref>
In 2014, IBM announced it would sell its x86 server division to Lenovo for a fee of $2.1 billion.<ref>{{cite press release | publisher= Reuters| date=29 September 2014| title= Lenovo says $2.1 billion IBM x86 server deal to close on Wednesday | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/29/us-lenovo-ibm-deals-idUSKCN0HO08N20140929}}</ref>{{better|date=November 2017}} Also that year, IBM began announcing several major partnerships with other companies, including [[Apple Inc.]],<ref>{{cite web|title= Apple + IBM|url= http://www.ibm.com/mobilefirst/us/en/?lnk=ushpls1|publisher= IBM|accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1= Etherington|first1= Darrell|title= Apple Teams Up With IBM For Huge, Expansive Enterprise Push|url= https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/15/apple-teams-up-with-ibm-for-huge-expansive-enterprise-push/|publisher= Tech Crunch|accessdate=18 July 2014|date=15 July 2014}}</ref> [[Twitter]],<ref>{{cite web|title= Landmark IBM Twitter partnership to help businesses make decisions|url= http://marketbusinessnews.com/landmark-ibm-twitter-partnership-help-businesses-make-decisions/37093|publisher= Market Business News|date=November 2, 2014}}</ref> [[Facebook]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ha|first1=Anthony|title=IBM Announces Marketing Partnership With Facebook|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/05/ibm-partners-with-facebook/|publisher=TechCrunch|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> [[Tencent]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kyung-Hoon|first1=Kim|title=Tencent teams up with IBM to offer business software over the cloud|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tencent-ibm-deals-idUSKBN0IK0Q320141103|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> [[Cisco]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vanian|first1=Jonathan|title=Cisco and IBM's New Partnership Is a Lot About Talk|url=http://fortune.com/2016/06/30/cisco-ibm-chat-work-collaboration/|publisher=Fortune|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> [[UnderArmour]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Terdiman|first1=Daniel|title=IBM, Under Armour Team Up To Bring Cognitive Computing To Fitness Apps|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3055148/ibm-under-armour-team-up-to-bring-cognitive-computing-to-fitness-apps|publisher=Fast Company|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> [[Box (company)|Box]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Franklin Jr.|first1=Curtis|title=IBM, Box Cloud Partnership: What It Means|url=http://www.informationweek.com/cloud/cloud-storage/ibm-box-cloud-partnership-what-it-means/a/d-id/1321059|publisher=Information Week|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> [[Microsoft]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weinberger|first1=Matt|title=Microsoft just made a deal with IBM — and Apple should be nervous|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-ibm-surface-partnership-2016-7|publisher=Business Insider|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> [[VMware]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Forrest|first1=Conner|title=VMware and SugarCRM expand partnerships with IBM, make services available on IBM Cloud|url=http://www.techrepublic.com/article/vmware-and-sugarcrm-expand-partnerships-with-ibm-make-services-available-on-ibm-cloud/|publisher=Tech Republic|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> [[Computer Sciences Corporation|CSC]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Darryl|title=IBM, CSC Expand Their Cloud Deal to the Mainframe|publisher=eWeek|url=http://www.eweek.com/cloud/ibm-csc-expand-their-cloud-deal-to-the-mainframe.html|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> [[Macy's]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Darryl|title=Macy's Taps IBM, Satisfi for In-Store Shopping Companion|url=http://www.eweek.com/database/macys-taps-ibm-satisfi-for-in-store-shopping-companion.html|publisher=eWeek|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> [[Sesame Workshop]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Toppo|first1=Greg|title=Sesame Workshop, IBM partner to use Watson for preschoolers|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/04/27/sesame-workshop-ibm-partner-use-watson-preschoolers/83563342/|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> the parent company of [[Sesame Street]], and [[Salesforce.com]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nusca|first1=Andrea|title=IBM, Salesforce Strike Global Partnership on Cloud, AI|url=http://fortune.com/2017/03/06/ibm-salesforce-partnership-ai/|publisher=Fortune|accessdate=7 March 2017}}</ref>
In 2015, IBM announced two major acquisitions: Merge Healthcare for $1 billion<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-08-06/ibm-buys-merge-healthcare-to-boost-watson-health-cloud | work=Bloomberg | title=IBM Buys Merge Healthcare to Boost Watson Health Cloud | date=August 6, 2015}}</ref> and all digital assets from [[The Weather Company]], including [[Weather.com]] and the Weather Channel [[mobile app]].<ref name=bloomberg-twcibm>{{cite news|title=IBM Agrees to Acquire Weather Channel's Digital Assets|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-28/ibm-agrees-to-acquire-weather-channel-s-digital-assets|accessdate=28 October 2015|work=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref name=nyt-ibmtwc>{{cite news|title=IBM to Acquire the Weather Company|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/technology/ibm-to-acquire-the-weather-company.html?_r=0|accessdate=28 October 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Also that year, IBMers created the film ''[[A Boy and His Atom]]'', which was the first molecule movie to tell a story. In 2016, IBM acquired video conferencing service [[Ustream]] and formed a new cloud video unit.<ref>{{cite web|title= IBM acquires Ustream, launches cloud video unit|url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-launches-cloud-video-unit/79109112/|publisher= USA Today|date=January 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ustream.tv/blog/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-behind-the-acquisition/ |title=IBM Acquires Ustream: Behind the Acquisition |first=Tilly |last=McLain |date=21 January 2016 |website=Ustream Online Video Blog |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6jxOs9hx1?url=http://www.ustream.tv/blog/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-behind-the-acquisition/ |archive-date=August 22, 2016 |dead-url=no |access-date=22 August 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In April 2016, it posted a 14-year low in quarterly sales.<ref>Matt Egan, CNN Money. “[http://money.cnn.com/2016/04/19/investing/ibm-earnings-shrinking-14-year-low/ Big Blue isn't so big anymore].” April 19, 2016. April 22, 2016.</ref> The following month, [[Groupon]] sued IBM accusing it of patent infringement, two months after IBM accused Groupon of patent infringement in a separate lawsuit.<ref>Jonathan Stempel, Reuters. “[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-groupon-idUSKCN0Y02KG Groupon sues 'once-great' IBM over patent].” May 9, 2016. May 9, 2016.</ref>
==Headquarters and offices==
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