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== Түүх ==
График дизайн нь харьцангуй шинэ урсгал хэдий ч уг нэршлийг анх 1922 оны үед Виллам Аддисон Двиггин гаргаж ирсэн.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Education</ref> Гэсэн хэдий ч график дизайн гэж тооцох болохуйц түүх дурсгалын үлдэгдэлүлдэгдлүүд олон байдаг. Жишээ нь Ромын Тражаны хананууд дээрх дүрслэл гэх мэт. 20-с 21-р зуунд сурталчилгаа, мэдээлэл, харилцаа холбооны сувгууд хүчтэй хөгжсөн учраас сурталчилгааны материал, график дизайн, уран зураг гэсэн ойлголтууд хоорондоо давхцах болсон. Энэ 3гурван чиглэл адилхан онол, зарчим, загварын элмент ашигладаг. Сурталчилгааны зорилго нь бүтээгдэхүүн, үйлчилгээг борлуулах явдал байдаг бол график дизайны зорилго нь "мэдээллийг эмх цэгцтэй байдлаар илэрхийлэх, санааг буулган илэрхийлэх, мэдрэмж төрүүлэхэд" оршино.<ref>Meggs, Philip B., 'A history of graphic design'. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983</ref>
== Хэрэглээ ==
== Ур чадвар ==
График дизайн хийхийн тулд текст, зураг, дүрслэлийг тодорхой хэв маягт оруулдаг. Уран зураг, уран бичлэг болон бусад техникүүдийг ашиглан зураг, дүрс, текстийг зурах буюу дижитал хэлбэрт буулгана. Жишээлбэл сонингийн нийтлэл байлаа гэхэд график дизайнер хуудсан дээр нийтлэлүүдийг эвтэйхэн байрлуулна. Сэтгүүлийн нийтлэл, сурталчилгааны хувьд график дизайнер фото зураг, тусгай чимэглэл дүрсүүдийг ашиглана. График дизайны өөр нэг чухал зүйл бол судалгааны ур чадвар, уран бүтээлийг шинжих, аливаа зүйлийг өөр өнцөг, шинэ талаас нь харах ур чадвар юм. График дизайнер өөрийн дизайныг хамгаалах, ятгах чадвартай байх шаардлагатай. Ийм учраас харилцаа холбооны мэдлэг, ур чадвар их чухал. Үүний тулд мессэж, дизайныг дамжуулж буй сувгууд, илгээж буй тал, хүлээн авч буй хүмүүс, мэдээллийг задалж ойлгох үйл явц гэх мэтийг сайн мэддэг байх хэрэгтэй.
A graphic design project may involve the stylization and presentation of existing text and either preexisting imagery or images developed by the graphic designer. Artistic pieces can be incorporated in both traditional and digital form, which involves the use of visual arts, typography, and page layout techniques for publications and marketing. For example, a newspaper story begins with the journalists and photojournalists and then becomes the graphic designer's job to organize the page into a reasonable layout and determine if any other graphic elements should be required. In a magazine article or advertisement, often the graphic designer or art director will commission photographers or illustrators to create original pieces just to be incorporated into the design layout. Or the designer may utilize stock imagery or photography. Contemporary design practice has been extended to the modern computer, for example in the use of WYSIWYG user interfaces, often referred to as interactive design, or multimedia design. Another aspect of graphic design is to have good research skills, analyzing a work of art and simultaneously seeing it in new ways. Graphic Design need skills such as power to convince the audience and selling the design. Communication is a key part in graphic design. The process of graphic design include the "process school" which is an approach to the subject that is concerned with the actual process of communication; it especially highlights the channels and media through which messages are transmitted and by which senders and receivers encode and decode. Semiotic School on the other hand, is message as a construction of signs which through interaction with receivers, produces meaning; communication as an agent. The process school is the like the way in which a message is brought out to society.
=== Дүрслэх урлаг ===
=== Visual arts design[edit source | edit] ===
График, элментүүдийг дизайнд оруулах нь дүрслэх урлагийн ур чадвар шаарддаг. Эдгээр графикуудыг график дизайнерууд бүтээдэг. Дүрслэх урлаг гэдэг нь фото зураг, дижитал урлаг гэх мэт зураг, график бүтээл юм.
Main article: Visual arts
=== Уран бичлэг ===
Before any graphic elements may be applied to a design, the graphic elements must be originated by means of visual art skills. These graphics are often (but not always) developed by a graphic designer. Visual arts include works which are primarily visual in nature using anything from traditional media, to photography or digital art. Graphic design principles may be applied to each graphic art element individually as well as to the final composition.
Уран бичлэг гэдэг нь үсгийн фонт, бичлэгийн хэв маяг, холболт зэргийг уялдуулан дизайнд оруулах урлаг, урлал юм. Дүрслэлийн техникүүдийг ашиглан фонтын хэлбэр, хэмжээ, үг, үсэг хоорондын зай гэх мэтийг өөрчлөх замаар уран бичлэгийн бүтээл гаргадаг. Уран бичлэгийг уран бичээч, график дизайнер, зураач, фонт бүтээгч гэх мэт хүмүүс бүтээдэг.
=== Хэвлэлийн эх бэлтгэл ===
=== Typography[edit source | edit] ===
Хэвлэлийн эх бэлтгэлийн дизайнер нь зураг, текстийг хуудсанд хэрхэн байршуулах асуудлыг шийддэг. Мөн хэвлэлийн цаас, хэмжээ, машин зэргийн онцлогийг тооцоолон дизайн бүтээдэг.
Main article: Typography
=== Хэвлэл ===
Typography is the art, craft and techniques of type design, modifying type glyphs, and arranging type. Type glyphs (characters) are created and modified using a variety of illustration techniques. The arrangement of type is the selection of typefaces, point size, tracking (the space between all characters used), kerning (the space between two specific characters), and leading (line spacing).
Хэвлэл гэдэг нь компьютерээс хэвлэлийн машинаар хэвлэх эсвэл эх дүрсийг олон хувь хуулбарлан хэвлэх процесс юм. Метал, чулуу, мод, даавуу, хулдаас, хуванцар гэх мэт төрөл бүрийн материал дээр хэвлэж байна.
== Хэрэгсэл ==
Typography is performed by typesetters, compositors, typographers, graphic artists, art directors, and clerical workers. Until the Digital Age, typography was a specialized occupation. Digitization opened up typography to new generations of visual designers and lay users.
График дизайнеруудын хамгийн наад захын хэрэгсэл бол харандаа юм. Харин хамгийн чухал хэрэгсэл нь оюун санаа. Технологи, прогоам хангамж ашиглаж байгаа хэдий ч бүтээлч, ухаалаг шүүмж хэрэгтэй. Дизайн гаргахад харьцуулалт, ажиглалт, тооцоолол, аналиктик ур чадварууд чухал. Бусдын зааврын дагуу л зураг гаргаж, загвар бүтээдэг хүнийг график дизайнер гэж үзэхэд хэцүү.
Мөн аливаа зүйлсийг холбох, өрөх чадвар чухалд тооцогдоно. Өрөлт, зохион байгуулалтын хэв маяг нь эцсийн хэрэглэгчид хэрхэн хүлээж авахад нөлөөлнө. Өрөлтөд компьютерийн програм хангамжийг голчлон ашигладаг.
<sup>[13]</sup>
=== Компьтер програм хангамж ===
=== Page layout[edit source | edit] ===
Компьютер ашигласнаар хурдан хугацаанд төрөл бүрийн санаа хөгжүүлж, өөрчлөлт хийх боломжтой болсон хэдий ч "олон санаа оргож буцна" гээчээр олигтой шийдэлд хүрэхгүй саатах нь түгээмэл. Иймээс график дизайнерууд санаагаа цаасан дээр буулгаад, зөвшөөрөл авснаар дараагийн ажилдаа ороход хялбар болдог. Харин лого бүтээхэд компьютертэй холбогдсон sketch pad буюу зурах хэрэгсэл ашиглавал ажил хурдсана. 1990-ээд онд Adobe-ийн программууд ашиглалтанд орсноор графиз дизайны ажилд компьютер түлхүү ажиглагдах болсон. Тухайлбал AdobePhotoshop нь фото зураг янзлахад, Adobe Illustrator нь дүрс зурахад, Adobe InDesign нь хэвлэлийн эх бэлтгэхэд, Adobe Dreamweaver нь вэб дизайн бүтээхэд түгээмэл ашиглагдаж байна.
Main article: Page layout
== Графиз дизайны орчин үеийн чиг хандлагууд ==
The page layout aspect of graphic design deals with the arrangement of elements (content) on a page, such as image placement, and text layout and style. Beginning from earlyilluminated pages in hand-copied books of the Middle Ages and proceeding down to intricate modern magazine and catalogue layouts, structured page design has long been a consideration in printed material and more recently in electronic displays such as web pages. Elements usually consist of type (text), images (pictures), and (with print media) occasionally place-holder graphics for elements that are not printed with ink such as die/laser cutting, foil stamping or blind embossing.
=== Printmaking[editИнтерфэйс source | edit]дизайн ===
Вэб, компьютер програм хангамжид зориулан хэрэглэгчдийн хандах хэсгийн дизайны хэрэгцээ нэмэгдсэн. Үүнийг Хэрэглэгчийн График Интерфэйс дизайн гэж нэрлэж байна. Эдгээрийг хэрэглэгчтэй харилцах хэсэг, онлайн брэндинг зэргийг интерактив болон дүрслэлээр илэрхийлэх харилцаа холбооны ур чадвартай хослуулан бүтээдэг. График дизайнерууд үүнийг хийхдээ вэб болон програм хангамж хөгжүүлэгчидтэй хамтардаг. Интерфэйс дизайны нэг чухал элмент бол икон буюу тэмдэг дүрсийн дизайн юм.
Main article: Printmaking
=== Хэрэглэгчийн зан төлөвт нийцүүлсэн дизайн ===
Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing on paper and other materials or surfaces. Except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each piece is not a copy but an original since it is not a reproduction of another work of art and is technically known as an impression. Painting or drawing, on the other hand, creates a unique original piece of artwork. Prints are created from a single original surface, known technically as a matrix. Common types of matrices include: plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching; stone, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric plates for screen-printing. But there are many other kinds, discussed below. Works printed from a single plate create an edition, in modern times usually each signed and numbered to form a limited edition. Prints may also be published in book form, as artist's books. A single print could be the product of one or multiple techniques.
Энэ нь хэрэглэгчийн зүгээс интерфэйс, бүтээгдэхүүн, үйлчилгээтэй хэрхэн харилцахыг тооцоолох замаар загвар бүтээх аргачлал юм.
== Ажил мэргэжил ==
== Tools[edit source | edit] ==
График дизайнерууд хэвлэл, сурталчилгаа, маркетинг, олон нийттэй харилцах гэх мэт салбарт түгээмэл ажилладаг. Мөн хувиараа ажиллах нь түгээмэл. График дизайнерууд бүтээлч хэлтэс хариуцсан захирал, анимейшн дизайнер гэх мэт төрөл бүрийн бүтээлч ажиллагаа хариуцсан албан тушаалд томилогддог. Ажил үүргийн хүрээнд зураг, дүрслэл бүтээх, фото зураг авах, анимейшн, баннер хийх гэх мэт төрөл бүрийн зүйл хийнэ. Орчин үед энэ бүх чиглэлийн дагуу мэдлэг, чадвартай байх шаардлага үүсээд байна. Мөн график дизайны чиглэлээр баклаварын зэрэгтэй, компьютер дээр ажиллах чадвар сайтай байх шаардлага үүссэн. Томоохон албан байгууллагын болон төрөлжсөн агентлагийн дизайнерууд албан тушаалын шат ахих тутам дизайн гаргахаас илүү брэнд хөгжүүлэлт, ялгарал бий болгох, ерөнхий санаа гаргах гэх мэт ажлуудыг хийж, бусад дизайнеруудыг удирдах ажил хийдэг. Мөн үйлчлүүлэгчидтэй уулзаж, захиалга авах, бусаддаа ажил даалгах гэх мэт ажил хийх болдог.
The pencil is one of the most basic graphic design tools.
=== Краудсорсинг ===
The mind is an important graphic design tool. Aside from technology, graphic design requires judgment and creativity. Critical, observational, quantitative and analytic thinking are required for design layouts and rendering. If the executor is merely following a solution (e.g. sketch, script or instructions) provided by another designer (such as an art director), then the executor is not usually considered the designer.
График дизайн, архитектур, хувцас дизайн гэх мэт ажлуудыг интернетээр дамжуулан захиалан хийлгэх нь түгээмэл болсон.
== Бусад ==
The method of presentation (e.g. arrangement, style, medium) may be equally important to the design. The appropriate development and presentation tools can substantially change how an audience perceives a project. The image or layout is produced using externaltraditional media and guides, or digital image editing tools on computers. Tools in computer graphics often take on traditional names such as "scissors" or "pen." Some graphic design tools such as a grid are used in both traditional and digital form.
In the mid-1980s, the arrival of desktop publishing and graphic art software applications introduced a generation of designers to computer image manipulation and creation that had previously been manually executed. Computer graphic design enabled designers to instantly see the effects of layout or typographic changes, and to simulate the effects of traditional media without requiring a lot of space. However, traditional tools such as pencils or markersare useful even when computers are used for finalization; a designer or art director may hand sketch numerous concepts as part of the creative process. Some of these sketches may even be shown to a client for early stage approval, before the designer develops the idea further using a computer and graphic design software tools.
Computers are considered an indispensable tool in the graphic design industry. Computers and software applications are generally seen by creative professionals as more effective production tools than traditional methods. However, some designers continue to use manual and traditional tools for production, such as Milton Glaser.
New ideas can come by way of experimenting with tools and methods. Some designers explore ideas using pencil and paper.<sup>[14]</sup> Others use many different mark-making tools and resources from computers to sculpture as a means of inspiring creativity. One of the key features of graphic design is that it makes a tool out of appropriate image selection in order to possibly convey meaning.<sup>[15]</sup>
=== Computers and the creative process[edit source | edit] ===
There is some debate whether computers enhance the creative process of graphic design.<sup>[16]</sup> Rapid production from the computer allows many designers to explore multiple ideas quickly with more detail than what could be achieved by traditional hand-rendering or paste-up on paper, moving the designer through the creative process more quickly.<sup>[17]</sup>However, being faced with limitless choices does not help isolate the best design solution and can lead to endless iterations with no clear design outcome.
A graphic designer may use sketches to explore multiple or complex ideas quickly<sup>[18]</sup> without the distractions and complications of software.<sup>[''citation needed'']</sup> Hand-rendered comps are often used to get approval for an idea execution before a designer invests time to produce finished visuals on a computer or in paste-up. The same thumbnail sketches or rough drafts on paper may be used to rapidly refine and produce the idea on the computer in a hybrid process. This hybrid process is especially useful in logo design<sup>[19]</sup> where a software learning curve may detract from a creative thought process. The traditional-design/computer-production hybrid process may be used for freeing one's creativity in page layout or image development as well.<sup>[''citation needed'']</sup> In the early days of computer publishing, many "traditional" graphic designers relied on computer-savvy production artists to produce their ideas from sketches, without needing to learn the computer skills themselves. However, this practice has been increasingly less common since the advent of desktop publishing over 30 years ago. The use of computers and graphics software is now taught in most graphic design courses.
Nearly all of the popular and "industry standard" software programs used for graphic design since the early 1990s are products of Adobe Systems Incorporated. They are AdobePhotoshop (a raster-based program for photo editing), Adobe Illustrator (a vector-based program for drawing), Adobe InDesign (a page layout program), and Adobe Dreamweaver(for Web page design). Another major page layout tool is QuarkXpress (a product of Quark, Inc., a separate company from Adobe). Both QuarkXpress and Adobe InDesign are often used in the final stage of the electronic design process. Raster images may have been edited in Adobe Photoshop, logos and illustrations in Adobe Illustrator, and the final product assembled in one of the major page layout programs. Most graphic designers entering the field since about 1990 are expected to be proficient in at least one or two of these programs.
== Modern graphic design subfields[edit source | edit] ==
=== Interface design[edit source | edit] ===
Main article: User interface design
Since the advent of the World Wide Web and computer software development, many graphic designers have become involved in interface design, in an environment commonly referred to as a Graphical User Interface (GUI). This has included web design and software design, when end user interactivity is a design consideration of the layout or interface. Combining visual communication skills with the interactive communication skills of user interaction and online branding, graphic designers often work with software developers andweb developers to create both the look and feel of a web site or software application and enhance the interactive experience of the user or web site visitor. An important aspect of interface design is icon design.
=== User experience design[edit source | edit] ===
Main article: User experience design
User experience design considers how a user interacts with and responds to an interface, service or product and adjusts it accordingly.
=== Experiential graphic design[edit source | edit] ===
Main article: Environmental Graphic Design
Experiential graphic design is the application of communication skills to the build environment. This area of graphic design requires practitioners to possess knowledge of creating large scale physical installations which have to be manufactured and withstand the same sort of environmental conditions as buildings. As such, it is a cross-disciplinary collaborative process involving designers, fabricators, city planners, architects, manufacturers and large project building teams.
Experiential graphic designers try to solve problems that people encounter while interacting with buildings and space. Examples of practice areas for environmental graphic designers are wayfinding, placemaking, branded environments, exhibitions and museum displays, public installations and digital environments.
== Occupations[edit source | edit] ==
Main article: Graphic design occupations
Graphic design career paths cover all ends of the creative spectrum and often overlap. Employment within Graphic Design involves workers performing specialized tasks, such as design services, publishing, advertising, and public relations, while receiving a median pay of $44,150.00 per year. The main job responsibility of a Graphic Designer is the arrangement of visual elements in some type of media. The main job titles within the industry can vary and are often country specific. They can include graphic designer, art director, creative director, animator and the entry level production artist. Depending on the industry served, the responsibilities may have different titles such as "DTP Associate" or "Graphic Artist", but despite changes in title, graphic design principles remain consistent. The responsibilities may come from, or lead to, specialized skills such as illustration,photography, animation or interactive design. Today's graduating graphic design students are normally exposed to all of these areas of graphic design and urged to become familiar with all of them as well in order to be competitive. Graphic designers will face strong competition when applying for positions, in which organizations are looking for candidates with convincing talents and a college-level education; field requirements consist of having strong portfolio and a Bachelor’s degree. Due to the increase in technology, employment rates within computer systems design are expecting a 35% increase, while traditional designs, such as publications, are facing slower rates of 16% or less.
Graphic designers can work in a variety of environments. Whilst many will work within companies devoted specifically to the industry, such as design consultancies or branding agencies, others may work within publishing, marketing or other communications companies. Increasingly, especially since the introduction of personal computers to the industry, many graphic designers have found themselves working within non-design oriented organizations, as in-house designers. Graphic designers may also work as free-lance designers, working on their own terms, prices, ideas, etc.
A graphic designer reports to the art director, creative director or senior media creative. As a designer becomes more senior, they may spend less time designing media and more time leading and directing other designers on broader creative activities, such as brand development and corporate identity development. They are often expected to interact more directly with clients, for example taking and interpreting briefs.
=== Crowdsourcing in graphic design[edit source | edit] ===
Main article: Crowdsourcing creative work
Jeff Howe of Wired Magazine first used the term "Crowdsourcing" in his 2006 article, "The Rise of Crowdsourcing."<sup>[20][21]</sup> Creative work spans creative domains such as graphic design, crowdsourcing architecture, apparel design, writing, illustration. Tasks may be assigned to individuals or a group and may be categorized as convergent or divergent. An example of a divergent task is generating a large number of designs for a poster. An example of a convergent task is selecting one poster design.
== See also ==
{{Commons category}}{{portal|Visual arts}}
=== Холбогдох талбарууд ===
=== Related areas ===
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=== RelatedХолбогдох topicsсэдвүүд ===
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