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Шинэ хуудас: {{otheruses4|the general scientific term|the scientific journal|Genetics (journal)}} {{seeintro}} [[Image:ADN static.png|thumb|right|180px|Удамшилын молекул ...
 
Мөр 46:
</ref> These and other techniques, through the pooled efforts of the [[Human Genome Project]] and parallel private effort by [[Celera Genomics]], culminated in the sequencing of the human [[genome]] in 2001.
 
==Удамшилын онцлогууд==
==Features of inheritance==
===Дискрет (бүхэл) удамшил ба Менделийн хуулиуд===
===Discrete inheritance and Mendel's laws===
{{main|MendelianМенделийн inheritanceудамшил}}
 
[[Image:Punnett square mendel flowers.svg|right|thumb|200px|A Punnett square depicting a cross between two pea plants heterozygous for purple (B) and white (b) blossoms.]]
Хамгийн тулгуур түвшинд организмын удамшил нь "[[гени]]" хэмээгдэх дискрет шинж чанаруудаар илэрдэг.<ref>
At its most fundamental level, inheritance in organisms occurs by means of discrete traits, called "[[gene]]s".<ref>
{{cite book| author=Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, and Gelbart WM| title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis| year=2000| publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.199 Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Introduction]
</ref> Энэхүү шинж чанарыг анх [[Грегор Мендел]] [[Вандуй|вандуйн ургамалын]] удамших шинж чанаруудыг тусгаарлаж судалж байхдаа ажиглажээ.<ref name="mendel" /><ref>
</ref> This property was first observed by [[Gregor Mendel]], who studied the segregation of heritable traits in [[pea|pea plant]]s.<ref name="mendel" /><ref>
{{cite book| author=Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, and Gelbart WM| title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis| year=2000| publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.200 Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Mendel's experiments]
</ref> Цэцгийн өнгөний шинж чанарыг судалж байсан туршилтаараа Мендел вандуйн ургамал бүрийн цэцгүүд нэг бол ягаан эсвэл цагаан өнгөтэй бөгөөд хоёр өнгөний дундын хувилбар ерөөсөө олдохгүйг ажигласан байна. Ижилхэн генийн эдгээр өөр, дискрет хувилбаруудыг "[[аллеле]]" гэдэг.
</ref> In his experiments studying the trait for flower color, Mendel observed that the flowers of each pea plant were either purple or white &mdash; and never an intermediate between the two colors. These different, discrete versions of the same gene are called "[[allele]]s".
 
Вандуйн ургамалын хувьд организм бүрийн гени болгонд хоёр аллеле байдаг бөгөөд ургамал нь эх эцэг ургамал бүрээс нэг нэг аллелийг өвлөн авдаг байна.<ref>
In the case of pea plants, each organism has two alleles of each gene, and the plants inherit one allele from each parent.<ref>
{{cite book|author=Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, and Gelbart WM| title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis| year=2000| publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company}}[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.484 Chapter 3 (Chromosomal Basis of Heredity): Mendelian genetics in eukaryotic life cycles]
</ref> Хүмүүсээс эхлэн олон организмуудад энэхүү удамшилын зүй тогтол байдаг. Ижил аллелийн хоёр хуулбартай организмуудыг "[[хомозигос]]" гэдэг бол хоёр өөр аллеле бүхий организмуудыг "[[гетерозигос]]" гэдэг.
</ref> Many organisms, including humans, have this pattern of inheritance. Organisms with two copies of the same allele are called "[[homozygous]]", while organisms with two different alleles are "[[heterozygous]]".
 
Тухайн организмын аллелийн цогцыг түүний [[генотип]] гэдэг бол харин организмд харагдах шинж чанар байвал түүнийг нь тухайн организмын "[[финотип]]" гэдэг.
The set of alleles for a given organism is called its [[genotype]], while the visible trait the organism has is called its "[[phenotype]]". When organisms are heterozygous, often one allele is called "[[Dominant allele|dominant]]" as its qualities "dominate" the phenotype of the organism, while the other allele is called "[[Recessive allele|recessive]]" as its qualities "recede" and are not observed. Dominant alleles are often abbreviated with a capital letter, while recessive alleles are given a lowercase version of the same letter.<ref>This form of notation is especially common in plants. There are other types of notation, you can read more [http://faculty.users.cnu.edu/rcheney/Genetic%20Notation.htm here].</ref> Some alleles do not have complete dominance and instead have [[Dominance relationship#Incomplete dominance|incomplete dominance]] by expressing an intermediate phenotype, or [[Dominance relationship#Codominance|codominance]] by expressing both alleles at once.<ref>
{{cite book| author=Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, and Gelbart WM| title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis| year=2000| publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.630 Chapter 4 (Gene Interaction): Interactions between the alleles of one gene]
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